COGNITIVE LECTURE - 2
- Created by: Holly Russell
- Created on: 02-10-19 10:42
ATTENTION
Limitations of attention -
Top down and bottom up process
SElective attention
Spotlight theory e.g. flanker task
Inattentional blindness - limits processing
Control of attention
Attentional control
inhibition and control e.g. stroop task
control and anxiety e.g. emotional stroop task
Selective attention
Endogenous - Topdown, goal driven, Voluntary, slow, effortful, pre frontal cortex
Exogenous - Bottom uo, stimulus driven, automatic, fast, inflexible, superior colliculus
Sputlight theory of visual attention - Posner 1980
Attention like spotlight
In spotlight = attended to
Not = unnoticed
Eriksen and Eriksen
Attend to central target and ignore flanking distractors
Poor selectove attention = greater interference
Effects of emotion on the flanker task
Rowe, Hirsch, Anderson 2006
3 moods
2 compatibilities
3 designs
SLower response in incompatible trials
SLower reactio times when flankers near
Positive moods increased flanker effect
Flanker effect for distant distractors remainsed for positive mood but not neutral
Frederickson 1998
Psoitive psychology e.g. joy, contentment, love
Positive emotions broaden thought/action repertoires and build enduring personal resources
INTRO BRIEF EXPLAIN OF SPOTLIGHT TEHORY AND A THEORY USED IT ? WHY ITS RATIONAL TO USE
Positive affect = More attention to wider focus
Negative affect = more attention on central details, narrowed focus
Limitations of processing
Simon and Levin 1998
Ran experiment on campus
1 - stop someoen and ask for directions - give directions - 2 other experimenters walk inbetween with distractions - they swap - did person notice the change?
50% didnt notice
Change blidnness - Failure to notice changes made to visual scene
O'Regan - visual world is a gran illusion
Limited resources/ capacity
Change detection
Change in environment:
elicits motion transient
Abrupt and captures attention automatically
Disruption of motion transient - change hard to spot
Shapiro 2000 - Average of 20 seconds
Resink, O'Regan, Clark 1997 - Change blindness
Investigations
Flicker paradigm - 'spot the difference'
Mud splash - mirror what happens in real world e.g. water on screen wiipe did you notice change?
Eye movements
Real world investigations
Why change blindness occurs
Attention& Processing
Attention - Must be allocated to location of change if its to be detected ( central changes spotted faster than peripheral ones)
Processing - Changing item must be processed to allow for representation to be generated (relevant changes spotted faster than irrelevant changes)
Inattentional blindness -
Look dont see
Focus on processing certain info so we miss other info
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