TB3 Development and Language Topics

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Created on: 13-05-15 19:58

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TB3 Development & Language Topics
- Lecture 1; Infant abilities
  - The METHODS used for testing infants
    - High Amplitude Sucking (HAS)
    - Looking time methods
      - Habituation
      - Violation of Expectation
      - Spontaneous visual preference
    - Physiological measures
      - Heart rate
      - High-density event related potentials
    - Eye Movement
  - The ABILITIES that young infants have
    - Preferential looking, indicating ability to discriminate between stimuli
    - Object permanence
    - Experience expectant behaviours
      - Violation of expectation
    - Reflexes
      - Orienting reflexes
      - Innate sucking
      - Crying
      - Habituation/ Boredom'
  - Empirical EVIDENCE for these abilities
    - (See seperate resource)
- Lecture 2; Brain Development
  - Development during the...
    - Prenatal period
      - Structural and neural development
      - Cellular development
    - Post-natal period
      - Synapto-genesis
      - Synaptic pruning
        Synapto-genesis
      - Processes in neural development
  - Behavioural correlates of early brain development
    - Involuntary reflexes
      - What are they?
      - 'Moro' reflex
      - Grasping/ Darwinian reflex
      - Stepping reflex
    - Voluntary motion
  - Environ-mental influences on development
    - Teratology; the study of adverse circumstances of exposure to environ-mental agents
      - Prenatal brain has been shown to be sensitive to negative influences
        Alcohol = Fetal alcohol syndrome
        Characteristics
        
        Malnutrition
        
        As-well as positive ones!
        Brain growth and environ-mental stimulation
        Plasticity
    - Brain growth and environ-mental stimulation
      - Plasticity
    - Research into neural effects of environ-mental effects (e.g neglect)
- Lecture 3; Socio-emotional Development
  - Are human infants BORN social?
    - Evolutionary perspectives
      - Bowlby (1969), Social baby 'character-istics'
      - Lorenz (1943), 'Baby schema', 'facial 'cuteness'
    - Parent- infant interactions
    - Expressions
      - Smiling
        What are these used for from an evopsych perspective?
        Crying
      - Emotional expressions
        Facial expressions developing before birth?
        
        Basic v.s complex emotions
        HOWEVER, complex emotions require a sense of self, do very young infants have a sense of self?
        Do young infants express COMPLEX emotions?
        
        The distinction between them
        
        Research into infants displaying basic and complex expressions
        Implications and conflict in the research
      - Crying
    - Social referencing and expectations
  - Do young infants express COMPLEX emotions?
  - Can newborns IMITATE the actions of others?
    - Neonatal imitation research
      - Controversial!
      - Reflexes v.s voluntary motion
    - Reflexes v.s voluntary motion
  - Do newborns have a preference for VISUAL stimuli?
    - Human facial preference
      - Innate predisposition?
    - (Not visual) Do infants also show a preference for human voices?
- Lecture 4; Gesture Development
  - DEVELOP MENT of gesture in infancy
    - Related to social and speech cognition
    - Oral-motor synchrony
    - Babbling and rhythmic movement
      - Silent babbling
    - Word comprehen sion & Pointing
  - FUNCTIONS of gesture
    - Pointing
      - Declarative pointing
        Social cognition
      - Sharing mental states
        'Helping'!
    - Enactive naming e.g drinking from an empty cup
      - Aka symbolic gestures
        Cultural differences in symbolic gestures
      - What is it/ what is it for?
    - Gestures as preceding and signalling oncoming changes in speech
  - Can ENCOURAG ING gesture encourage language development?
    - The rationale behind this claim
      - Evidence
    - Wider benefits of enhanced gesture
      - Improved synchronic interactions
      - Eliciting caregiver responsiveness
        Possibly change mother perspective of infant?
        
        Increase sensitivity?
        
        Enhance maternal mind-mindedness?
        What is mind-mindedness?
        Why is this relavent?
      - Evaluation of baby signing
        Enhance maternal mind-mindedness?
        What is mind-mindedness?
        Why is this relavent?
        
        General conclusions
- Tutorial; Infant Face Perception

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TB3 Development and Language Topics

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